posted 03-02-2003 06:21 PM            

FROM> http://www.sagedesignsinc.com/solutions/jet.htm

“Project Type: Jet Fuel Pipeline Additive Control
Customer: Exxon Company USA, Benicia, CA
Equipment: Control Microsystems’ SmartWIRE™

Exxon has installed three SmartWIRE end-to-end telemetry systems to control a jet fuel additives shuttle value actuating devices. Each pulse from the control system adds a metered amount of the additive as the jet fuel enters the custody transfer flowmeter and pipeline for shipment direct to the customer.

mark sky’s NOTE, previous (1998-99) USAF publications note that the additive package was added at the air force base. (those links no longer exist on line)

FROM> http://www.afrlhorizons.com/Briefs/June01/PR0008.html
Propulsion Research Could Revolutionize Jet Fuel
Development of a cold flow fuel additive can lower commercial airlines operating costs.
AFRL's Propulsion Directorate, Turbine Engine Division, Fuels Branch, Wright-Patterson AFB OH
In 1989, the Propulsion Directorate began evaluating jet fuel additives to reduce coking and maintenance costs in aircraft engines and fuel systems. In 1994, the directorate selected an additive, designated SPECxAID 8Q462, to test on F-16s with Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-200 engines. The resultant additized fuel, designated JP-8+100,

FROM> http://jp8.org/JPoverview.htm

By the fall of 1996, JP-8 completely replaced JP-4 in the United States Air Force.
It has been estimated that approximately 60 billion gallons are used worldwide each year, with 4.5 billion used by the US Air Force, the US Army, and NATO. The US Navy uses JP-5, which is very similar to JP-8. JP-8 is also used to fuel heaters, stoves, tanks, and other vehicles in military service;
JP-8 is planned on being used at least until the year 2025 as the battlefield fuel for all U.S. military operations. The Department of Defense has recognized JP-8 as the single largest chemical exposure for its personnel. JP-8 without several additives is Jet A or commercial fuel. As a newer type of fuel, the hazards of the use of JP-8 are less fully known

FROM> http://www.aircareintl.org/aci/jet_info_jp8.htm

Jet Fuel Propellant Number Eight (JP-8)
General Information Sheet
Overview:
The Department of the Air Force, along with other government agencies and experts from universities throughout the U.S., has collaborated to conduct a study evaluating the acute effects of JP-8 on military personnel who perform aircraft maintenance duties. The Air Force Institute for Environment, Safety and Occupational Health Risk Analysis (AFIERA) is coordinating this effort.
JP-8 is a versatile and widely available kerosene-based fuel and it is used extensively by U.S. and allied NATO Countries ¾ aircraft, tanks, vehicles, heaters, and stoves. The Department of Defense (DoD) uses 5 billion gallons per year, with the USAF being the largest single user (2.5 billion gallons per year).
Prior to 1 976, JP-4 was the primary fuel used in by DoD. JP-4 was linked to many aircraft exploding in battle due to small arms fire. Hence, the DoD transitioned from JP-4 to JP-8 fuel (occurred over a twenty year period from 1976-1996)
Problem:
During the transition period, some USAF fuels workers complained of dizziness, lightheadedness, objectionable odor, skin sensitization, and inability to remove fuel from their skin. Some smelled like JP-8, or tasted fuel in their mouth, several hours after work. Others noted "sweating out jet fuel" during weekends, while away from duty.

Only very limited research has been done looking at health outcomes associated with JP-8 exposure in humans; most involved animal models. These studies have suggested possible neurologic disorders, hearing loss, postural balance deficiencies, neurotoxic effects, or neurobehavioral deficits among aircraft maintenance workers exposed to fuels.
Air Force JP-8 Acute Exposure Study:
The Air Force Surgeon General (USAF/SG) directed AFIERA to investigate the potential health effects posed by use of JP-8 in the military

This is the first study of its kind looking at acute exposure risk to JP-8 jet fuel for high-risk populations and exposed communities.

FROM> http://www.jp8.org/Witten_JP8.htm

Note the study date 1995

JP-8 Manuscripts
from the laboratory of
Dr. Mark L. Witten, Ph.D.
The University of Arizona
mwitten@peds.arizona.edu
Pretreatment with capsaicin 6 days prior to a JP-8 regimen of one hour/day for 7 days dramatically increases rats’ airway sensitivity to histamine. This also significantly decreases wet lung/wet body weight ratios. Capsaicin pretreatment causes a significant increase in alveolar epithelial permeability, and causes a huge increase in the rats’ airway sensitivity to histamine. The mechanisms of this action are unknown.
Pfaff JK, Parton K, Lantz RC, Chen H, Hays AM, Witten ML: Inhalation exposure to JP-8 jet fuel alters pulmonary function and Substance P levels in Fischer 344 rats. JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY, 1995, 15:249-256.
In a simulated military exposure protocol, Fischer 344 rats (F322) were used to investigate the pulmonary effects of JP-8 jet fuel inhalation.
Changes in pulmonary function were accompanied by a decrease in Substance P concentrations from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).

Harris DT, Sakiestewa D, Robledo RF, Witten M: Immuno-toxicological effects of JP-8 jet fuel exposure. TOXICOLOGY & INDUSTRIAL HEALTH, 1997, 13:43-55.
Chronic exposure to jet fuel has been shown to have adverse effects on human liver function, to cause emotional dysfunction, to cause abnormal electroencephalograms to cause shortened attention spans, and to decrease sensorimotor speed (3-5). Major alterations in immune function that are long-lasting may result in an increased likelihood of development and /or progression of cancer, as well as autoimmune diseases.

Harris DT, Sakiestewa D, Robledo RF, Witten M: Short-term exposure to JP-8 jet fuel results in longterm immunotoxicity. TOXICOLOGY & INDUSTRIAL HEALTH, 1997, 13:559-570.

The air force made a decision to use JP-8 even after its known effects. Exposure to these types of toxicants affects the immune system short-term, low concentration of JP-8 jet fuel exposure had effects on the immune system, which makes the host susceptible to infectious agents. Long lasting alterations to the immune system may result in the development and/or progression of cancer, as well as autoimmune disease.

THIS NEXT ONE IS 44 PAGES FROM> http://usapc.army.mil/miscellaneous/JP8HazardsStudy.doc

BIOLOGICAL AND HEALTH EFFECTS
OF JP-8 EXPOSURE
Glenn D. Ritchie, Ph.D.

Marni Y. V. Bekkedal, Ph.D.

LT Andrew J. Bobb (Ph.D.), MSC, USNR

CAPT Kenneth R. Still (Ph.D.), MSC, USN
This work was performed under JP-8 Jet Fuels Work Units.

Table of Contents Page

1. Introduction 3
2. Chemical and Physical Properties of JP-8 3
3. Chemical Constituents of JP-8 3
4. Self-Reported and Medically Diagnosed Health Effects in
Humans Exposed to JP-8 5
5. JP-8 Exposure Scenarios 6
6. Carcinogenicity or Mortality 7
7. Acute JP-8 Exposure Effects 7
8. Central or Peripheral Nervous System Effects 8
9. Reproductive System and Developmental Effects 10
10. Pulmonary System Effects 11
11. Heart and Circulatory System Effects 12
12. Dermal System Effects 13
13. Gastrointestinal System Effects 14
14. Immune System Effects 14
15. Musculoskeletal System Effects 16
16. Renal System Effects 16
17. Hepatic System Effects 17
18. Endocrine System Effects 18
19. Metabolic Effects 18
20. Genotoxic Effects 18
21. Blood System Effects 19
22. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL), Acute Myelogenous
Leukemia (AML) 19
23. Human, Animal and In Vitro Consequences of Acute or Long-Term
Exposure to Specific Chemical Constituents of JP-8: 20
A. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 20
B. Benzene 22
C. Toluene 23
D. Trimethylbenzenes 25
E. Xylenes 26
F. n-Hexane 26
24. Conclusions 27
25. References 28
26. Report Documentation Page (SF 298) 45

posted 03-02-2003 07:35 PM            

Theory and Modeling of Polymer Translocation through Proteins and Solid-State Nanopores
Theoretical work using explicit atomistic simulations to investigate how polymer molecules worm through narrow pores is being carried out by Professor Murugappan Muthukumar and his co-workers in collaboration with other members of the Nanopore Group at Harvard

FROM> http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~mpalmer/research.html

Overview: Bacterial pore-forming toxins and how they work

(more ways to insert DNA into you and those you love)

FROM> http://pauling.tamu.edu/medbiogen/bayley/hb_res.html
Bayley Lab Research Summary
New reagents for signal transduction research
The use of "caged" reagents allows the photogeneration of molecules on or in cells with spatial and temporal control. For example, in studies of signal transduction mechanisms, effectors and inhibitors can be released at predetermined sites. We have synthesized a water-soluble reagent, BNPA, for caging peptides and proteins by attaching a photocleavable protecting group to essential cysteine residues that have been introduced by chemical synthesis or site-directed mutagenesis. Upon irradiation, molecules inactivated by BNPA are reactivated (see Fig. 1).
In one application of BNPA, we have made a photoactivatable membrane pore. Bacterial proteins that form pores of various diameters are important tools in cell biology. By using them, small molecules and even proteins can be introduced into or removed from the cell interior. One drawback of native pore-forming proteins is the lack of ability to control when and where they are activated. Therefore, we caged a single-cysteine mutant of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin with BNPA to form an inactive derivative that is activated by light. The caged pore will be applied in our studies of neuronal modulation (the cellular basis of learning and memory) where it will be helpful to permeabilize one cell within a collection of cells (e.g. a neuron in a network) or one compartment of a single cell (e.g. the presynaptic terminus of a neuron).
Pore-forming proteins with triggers and switches
Beyond their utility in cell biology, pore-forming proteins may have applications in biotechnology. The proteins would be all the more useful if their pore-forming activity could be controlled by external stimuli.
One example of such control is the photoactivatable pore. In addition, we have been using genetic engineering to introduce a variety of triggers and switches into alpha-hemolysin

FROM> http://www.cstl.nist.gov/biotech/biomat/Projects/tissue_engineering.html

Objective

Our interest in biomaterials and biomimetics has been motivated by the desire to incorporate biological functionality into man made materials. Our research will focus on the synthesis, characterization, and fabrication of biomaterials; biomimetic membrane surfaces and devices, which will be designed to control, cell behavior and tissue development. A variety of signals can be conveyed to cells from a material, and both chemistry and mechanics of the material regulate signal transduction. Control of both bulk and surface chemistry/structure may be utilized to affect this regulation. These materials may be used as in vitro model systems to study basic biological questions, or as systems to regenerate lost or deficient tissue structure in vivo. One of our particular interests is to develop an in-vitro biomimetic enriched membrane construct to be used as a scaffold and biocompatible adhesive matrix to enhance the adsorption, adhesion, and incorporation of cell/polymer composites (grafts) with the neighboring host tissue.

posted 03-04-2003 03:09 AM            

I still remember this...

fuel dumping is restricted to unpopulated areas

reserved to my own judgement I chose to ignore it until it happens here....

to save human life is a resonable explanation...

still doesn't add up to no covert plan...just a serious bitch...