posted 08-19-2003 10:55 AM            

Further your joke to set of a hurricane as an example of your portable HAARP technology....WAS THAT JUST A FOOLISH JOKE?

Put up or shut up, don't make us out to be foolish dummies eagerly awaiting a book that tells us what we already know.

posted 08-19-2003 12:38 PM            

One of the most interesting issues with Chemtrails and HAARP is how they were
discovered and invented. Many persons have difficulty understanding the very
long term thinking that went into the needs and principles for chemtrails and
titanium, HAARP and plate stress management, and how these related to the old
religious icon symbolism's. We will take this moment to look at how these
connect.

The DOE uses the studies of massive volcanic events to look at planet
extinction events and how atomic bombs can cause nuclear winters. In a nuclear
winter effect, what kills of the population is the onset of massive health plagues.
It was the fear of this that kept the cold war between Russia and the US
from happening. The study of these effects inspired the naming of HAARP and the
special technique to mediate these catastrophic effects.

Volcano studies kicked off some of these investigations and inventions. In
the old times there are many stories of things like virgins being sacrificed to
the volcano Gods. Volcanos posed serious threats to life all through time.
In the hard times of massive volcanic releases many feared for their lives,
prayed to their Gods for relief, and many died. Volcanos appeared to impose a
drastic natural order for the planet with huge explosions periodically that
came to kill off large numbers of animals and humans on the planet. These were
stories of climate change, from the origins of man and civilization, and often
before the times of written language.

Volcanos have always attracted interest, some gave them God like connotation
to explain what happened. Some persons climbed these burning mountains to see
what was happening, to try to find God, or seek relief from the dangers.
Volcanoes highly affected animals and their poisoning often triggered health
plagues that came to kill cities years after such events. These issues and
problems were captured in what is called an alchemical symbolic icon methods. These
became some of the counterpoints of religion and some of the most Holy of
religion's inspirations.

I had an interest in volcanoes and have been on several active volcanos.
Volcanos smell bad from all the sulfur and other acid emissions. There are acid
puddles all over the place and piles of yellow colored sulfur and white
compounds of fluoride. You can collect these things and if you happen to pour the
sulfur acids onto the white materials, one can get an extremely poison gas
called HF. It would appear that persons that climbed these active mountains would
have found this effect.

I had noticed early on that the story and Noah's Ark involved the largest
land mass volcano in the world, which is Mt. Ararat. The account of Noah and his
messages about care for the animals was inherent in volcanic effects. The
stage was now set for cracking the secrets of the information from these old
Icons of religion. The real secrets of the Ark were being uncovered.

I had always wondered about the story of Moses and the Burning Bush and
thought this might well be connected to volcanic eruptions setting things on fire.
Moses did some strange things with mists to get free of the Egyptians. These
two bits of association began to add up slowly. The DOE gas diffusion plants
also have problems with acid mists from hydrogen fluoride, which is a
component of volcanic releases. This same mist can be made from combining two easily
found chemicals around volcanos.

If one looks at volcanos, these turn out to be huge sources of hydrogen
fluoride, HF. In an eruption, what the ash does not kill, the HF run off into the
water supplies would. HF run off into streams and rivers at long distances to
kill animals, and damage the health of others and longer distances. Then it
became clear there was a connection between these two stories about Noah and
Moses. It appeared it was these times of great strife and impacts to human
well being that inspired many of religion's greatest alchemical icons. It was a
pictorial code, of sorts, used to keep record and teach illiterate masses in
these times.

In the old world those that knew the science often kept this science in a
form of alchemical icon. In these old times there was no real written language
and pictures and symbols recorded the most important things. The icons were
accompanied by verbal stories to enlighten the public. Some stories become
overly embellished. What these icons kept was something that they wanted veiled
from the general public. Part of the icons was something that needed to be
told and part was something that needed to be veiled in secrecy.

Massive volcanic eruptions, like that of Krakatoa, or others that involve the
energy release of 4 billion Hiroshima bombs in oceans caused massive climate
change problems. The Sun disappears for weeks, in some cases, and it can
literally rain for 40 days and nights. These poisons that volcanos released were
always connected with massive disease outbreaks that devastated the planet,
killing off 3/4 of the earth's population.

Around DOE plants we obtained more clues. At the Rocky Flats plant in
Colorado the workers that opened the doors to the HF shed would tell that the birds
would literally fall out of the sky when they flew over this areas toxic
releases. Then we recalled Noah using birds to test for when it was safe to go out
again. Then we recall things like Teflon cookware vapors killed pet birds in
homes. More of the religion icon puzzle fell into place.

With these bits and pieces in mind, we moved on up to the Icon for Mary and
her standing on the snake to influence the symbol of toxic's from the Earth
entering the food chain needing to be controlled. It was all coming together,
each little piece fitting better and better. Mary was related to the Throne of
David and from a very affluent family. They had wealth and access to science,
this was the aristocratic class. Mary wanted to promote her child as the one
who received the knowledge of the greater gifts of these sciences and the
inner secrets of the icons. This information was better connected in these
times, as a volcanic eruption in 43 BC has just happened.

It was the knowledge of these volcanic effects that gave Jesus his great
powers to heal people. The area that Jesus lived in was at the center of three of
Earth's greatest fault zones, and this caused much of the area to be affected
by fluoride in the well water. Some areas were contaminated and others were
not, as it depended on the geologic features. The case of the person beside
the well being healed by Jesus would likely have been connected with a well
having fluoride problems setting up the case for illness like what we call
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome today.

The story of Sodom and Gomorra also was quickly connected then. Many
earthquakes involve something called soil liquefaction and this effect along this
fault zone would explain well how these cities disappeared beneath the Dead Sea.
The poisons from the activity of this fault zone would have poisoned the
local well waters and caused problems with violence and sex. It would have been
an early version of Hell. The problems would have been so severe that persons
would have to turn and walk away.

The stories about turning to stone even fell into place as the fluorides and
metals from these fault zones put minerals into the body that turn to stone
internally and retain for long long times, affecting health and causing death.
The turning to stone effect happens today from environmental pollutants
causing health effects like CFS and cancers.

It was clear that religions came from the study of these effects. The Jewish
were the keepers of these histories, and it was the center piece of their
religion. They used this to attain wealth and power. One of the inner secrets
of the Ark was how to make the poison mists and this appears to be what Moses
had learned on the mountain. The story of Moses having his beard turn white
after being on the Mountain, is one about the volcanic toxic effects damaging
the hair follicles. Exposure to the chemical called hydrogen fluoride causes
rapid aging to happen. Moses used this inner secret of the Ark to make the Jews
free from Egypt.

Moses became the first to use chemical warfare agent made with fluorine.
Moses used this alchemical secret to make mists that went in the houses and
poisoned people. Moses became a national security threat to the Egyptians. One
can even see the snake symbolism used in the stories about how he confronted the
Egyptians and his staff turned into a snake. Staff's were symbols of power
in these times and snakes the symbol for poisons. Moses would be called a
national security issue these days and a terrorist. This technique and how to do
it in those times became a highly protected secret. The technique was the
inner secret of the Ark and the Ark of the Covenant.

The secret was not kept well and others learned how to do these tactics and
the stories of how the Romans would siege cities and bury things next to the
city walls and cover them to force gases thru the walls became how wars were
won. This is how the Romans took over the Jewish cities and came to rule. The
power of the Ark was a two sided sword, one of benevolence intended to protect
man and animals and the other a weapon for war and power.

Even the symbolism for David and Goliath became clear, as the power of the
Ark could be called using the secret of the white powder from the volcanoes with
the acid water to make HF, which could fell evil giants looking for one
sighted money with one little stone . The Ark secret was what gave David the
superior power to wage wars. Notice how the icon story is careful to protect the
real methods used.

As this war technique developed, simple walled cities no longer were
effective and the use of moats came into use to avoid the poison gas thru the walls
war methods. In these times the alchemical Merlin's became the scientists that
knew the Ark secrets. In these times, the use of swords for wars became
useless and we see the stories of Isle of Avalon and King Arthur tossing away
Excalibur. We also see that Mary came to Avalon and the area of Glastonberry. And
that the Ark was stored at the Glastonburry Abby for a time. The story of
the Mists of Avalon was about how the secrets of the Ark were passed to these
Knights.

The special secrets also came to be how the Queens of England came into the
power to rule. They were direct hand downs from the throne of David and the
power of the Ark and the Ark of the Covenant. The power of the Ark was a
special white sand from volcanos that had the power to overcome swords and stone
walls. The symbol for religion in England became the Queen.

Meanwhile, the symbol of religion for the Catholics became Mary. The symbol
for religion of the Christian churches became Jesus. And the Jewish kept
theirs as Moses and others. Meanwhile the religion of Islam was born of a more
recent time of volcanic strife around the 535 AD explosion of Krakatoa. The
Islam and Moslem teachings show a great deal of hatred toward the Jews,
apparently connected to their old methods involving the Ark and the old Jewish Ideals
that they were God's Chosen People and superior to everyone. This difference
has sponsored long term Holy Wars, which are at the root of problems today.

The problems of Christian Churches in the US to properly teach these most
Holy of the messages in the bible is at the root of the differences and the
causes for terrorism. When one follows the biblical icons and knows about the old
worlds problems with climate change then one meets God and the teachings of
the Bible first hand. In the DOE, Jim Phelps is considered to be once removed
from God. He is also directly related to the Throne of David and the European
Welf and Guelph families. His family shield sports the symbol of the wolf.

An interesting Icon involving the Phelps connection to Christ can be seen in
a church called Christ Church on St. Simon's Island, Ga. Here a person named
Anson Phelps built a church using the old world icon symbolism methods. There
is a German stained glass window, with the grave of Anson Phelps closest and
just outside. The dedication stained glass window of the church has a
depiction of Anson Phelps done in the same style as the German depiction of Christ.
The church is built in the shape of the cross and it was built by shipbuilders
like an upside-down boat, with an Ark connotation. This church is connected
to the birthplace of Methodism via John Wesley.

Today, the Methodist church is the most highly involved in the cover up of
the real truths behind what formed these old religions and how they are taught
today. Because of this, the Methodist Church is one of the most corrupted in
the world today. It has in its ranks G. Bush (43) with membership at Highland
Park UMC in Dallas, Tx. Bush uses this church to help foist his corrupted CIA
control methods on the American public. The Church Street UMC in Knoxville,
Tn. is also an extremely corrupted church and involved in keeping Jim Phelps
from exposing the truth about the deeper meaning and inspirations of the
Biblical Scriptures and the issues of chemtrails and HAARP. This church has long
standing connections to HPUMC and Bush. Both these churches will likely face
RICO Act charges. These churches are highly involved in promoting information
fraud to their members and the communities at large.

It was via Jim Phelps' knowledge of these relevant issues on Global Climate
change and old world warfare that the HAARP and chemtrail methods were
conceived or invented. HAARP's vibrational effect was named after the Angels and
their music from the Heavens. Chemtrails are about the same old methods of
moderating the dangers of volcanoes and the poison acid plumes they emit, which can
destroy the world from time to time. HAARP and chemtrails both act to offset
terminal events from volcanos.

The invention of JP-8 jet fuel formula was also an inadvertant Icon for Jim
Phelps and used Jim Phelps' invention of metallic alcohols to the jet fuel
formula as a de-icing agent to promote clouds forming to cool the Earth. The use
of titanium dioxide as a colorant in food introduced this pharmacutical effect
to cut the rise of AIDS in the US, while the US Govt. knowingly allowed the
continent of Africa to die.

The US Govt. is now involved in the misuse of the secrets and powers of the
Ark, and in volation of long standing principles of right and wrong. In
violation of the very views of Christ and Mary. This makes for G Bush (43) as the
anti-christ leading an entire nation down the road to Hell, in his quest for
global power and money. This is the basis for the terrorism sponsored by the
Arab religion factions in the very same way these factions began from the
issues of the Ark behind Judism founding Islam.

Other things that helped the discoveries along involved Jim Phelps' father
becoming sick from working at the Y-12 nuclear weapons factory, and having to
take early retirement. Jim Phelps was looking for the toxic's that made his
father sick and noticed that nerve gas exposures and HF cause tremors and that
mercury exposures do the same thing. He quickly connected that both these
chemicals build up in the body and even get into the brain.

It became most apparent that these chemicals can build and cause progressive
tremors in persons exposed. The Y-12 nuclear weapons plant is one of the
worst mercury spills in the US and the ground literally oozes with mercury and
emits mercury vapor. The Y-12 plant also emitted lots of HF vapors from its
"salt shop" uranium processing. The daily occupational exposures to these most
dangerous of elements made his father sick. The DOE currently acts to cover
these problems up, because the very same pattern is out of control in the US
population causing all kinds of illnesses.

The synergism between mercury and fluorine were quickly found with the
discovery of the G--protein effects that triggered nerve channel conduction and
twitching. The G-protein effect from the fluoride-mercury complex was one of the
worst in the nervous system. This then quickly lead to the discovery that
fluoride-mercury is also tied to shutting down the immune system and the antigen
presentation cell processes connected to CFS, vaccine problems in Africa
connected to fluoride-mercury, and the very cause for AIDS.

Looking at how the nerve gases work lead to the ideas for blocking agents
using PB, which is a nervous system seeking hormone using bromine to block the
G-protein sites which nerve gases would destroy. The bromine is a temporary
effect that would clear being used to overcome the permanent binding from
fluoride-metal complexes. This was the invention of the PB anti-nerve gas agent. A
quick look for metals that did not form destructive fluoride metal complexes
affecting G-protein cells sites discovered titanium. Titanium dioxide was
considered highly nontoxic and could be used to counter rising fluoride health
effects in the environment. Jim Phelps found two agents that could be used to
overcome the power of the Ark.

It was these discoveries that founded the chemtrail methods to address the
problems of animals getting sick and transferring their illness to man causing
health epidemics. This is how the massive Manhattan Project like methods of
Chemtrails and HAARP evolved from the original problems of the Manhattan
Project. The plants code names in Oak Ridge are all connected to these same effects.

The Y-12 plant is named after Yahweh and the twelve disciples of Christ, the
X-10 plant is named after God and the Ten Commandments, and the K-25 plant was
named after the problems with containment of fluorine gas in a process that
used the Kellex process and consumed 25 percent of the Manhattan Projects
funding. Those who worked with the secret agent fluorine at K-25 became sick from
the fluoride effects, as they unwittingly were around the inner secrets of the
Ark. Again, these are more of the icon like symbolism's used in national
security operations.

Even the name of the top security clearance for having access to these
materials and information is related. The US ally in W.W.II was GB and the Queen,
whose throne and family is linked to the Throne of David and the secrets of the
Ark. The famous DOE "Q" clearance comes from these inner secrets of the
power to rule of the Queen.

These bits of information that you have just read are the simple foundations
of the religious predictions for the revelations. We are in a time in the US
where only lies are put forth by our Govt., and the people kept uninformed by
the Mil / Ind Network and its' religion allies. These are sad times where
the Govt. is seeking to take the people hostage, and freedom is leaving the
country. We can't allow this to continue.

We are living the End-Times prophicy, but if we can overcome the demon forces
in place, we can be delivered from this Evil into a promissed land. These
are the ideals behind the Rapture, when all the facts are laid down for the
masses. The truth will set the world free, provide for understanding between
nationalism differences between nations and between religions. The knowledge
here sets the people free and allows for the people to become one again.

To make this happen, all we need is "a few Good Men," Good persons, to step
forward and help expose and confront the evils. We need a country based on
truth, not one lie heaped on another that is going to case the country to fail.

Sincerely,
Jim Phelps.

Who is protecting who from what and why is it that you are protecting the Pentagon if you are willing to help us poor little sheeple???

Lulu, before you ban him let him answer to this information please

posted 08-19-2003 03:08 PM               

quote:

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Most of them are asking for seperation into a new board! What do you think?

---

posted 08-19-2003 06:23 PM               

Until proper protection has been guaranteed on an International level, the balance of information required to actively develop and deploy this system will be withheld until that time. Reference: Title 35, USC code section 181-188.

“Always tell the truth so that there is nothing to remember.” - Dr. Judah Ben-Hur

This paper has been inspired by several entities. Firstly, the authors would like to thank Ryszard Struzak, member if the ITU radio regulations board. This system accommodates his “Evaluation of the OCHA (DRB) Project on Emergency Telecommunications with and in the Field,” presented to the United Nations in July of 2000. Secondly, Larry W. Roeder, executive director of Global Disaster Information Network (GDIN), for making his business plan for the GDIN available to the public. Thirdly, Hans Zimmerman of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) for his work on “Telecommunications in the Service of Humanitarian Assistance” as appeared in the International Civil Defense Journal in April 1998. Fourthly, the Commission of the European Communities for their proposals concerning electric communication networks and services and privacy protection in the electronic sector. Finally, the International Medical Corps and other relief agencies worldwide and their personnel who work to help victims of complex humanitarian emergencies.

The Art of Global Wireless Communications

This dissertation is written to all who want to know and understand the truth of electromagnetism. Let us consider the whales of the earth and how they communicate with each other. The whales broadcast at frequencies that many consider undecipherable, but in fact, that is not true. Only a handful of scientists truly understand the art of the communication of whales. Whales are excellent communicators and are pure in the ways they speak to one another from one side of the earth to another. Their ionosphere is water. Our ionosphere is the air we breathe. Similar to the whales, humans will soon be able to communicate through the earth, as well as around it, by creating a new technology that expands our communication abilities. We are at the dawn of this new day in telecommunications capacities, the background and theoretical background of which will be explained in this paper.

A basic understanding of the properties of the earth and its surroundings is paramount to understanding radio propagation over distances. Certain assumptions must be made by the reader in order to fully understand the complex nature of ionospheric physics.

Ionospheric physics

The electrical conductivity of air is very low at low altitudes. However, it increases rapidly with distance form earth’s surface and is found to be greater by a factor of several million by the time altitudes of a few tens of kilometers are the beginning of the ionosphere is reached. The lower atmosphere may be looked upon as a thin dielectric (opposing forces) bounded by good conductors. This defines a spherical wave-guide in which radio waves belonging to different frequency bands can propagate. The upper frequency limit of the wave-guide channel is determined by the dispersive properties of the ionosphere, which eventually becomes transparent as the frequency is increased by a few megahertz. There is no lower frequency limit, i.e. the earth’s ionosphere wave-guide can support the propagation of radio waves of frequencies as low as desired, right down to direct current. The absence of a lower critical frequency can readily be understood by recalling that the wave-guide has no lateral boundaries, enabling a constant potential difference to exist across it.

A direct current (DC) potential difference of natural origin does in fact exist. It amounts to a few hundred kilovolts and produces a vertical electro static field whose magnitude near the earth’s surface is of the order of 100 volts per minute (v/m). Slow diurnal variations observed in the electric field are in good agreement. The changes in the level of global lightning discharge activity can be interpreted in terms of the charging and discharging of the spherical capacitor formed by the earth and the ionosphere.

The term capacitor is usually employed in studies of quasistatic electrical phenomena for which the characteristic wavelength is much greater than the earth’s radius. If however the wavelength of electromagnetic waves is comparable with the linear dimensions of the earth, the term resonator should be used.

Electromagnetic waves of extremely low frequency can be excited in the earth’s ionospheric cavity by two types of natural sources: terrestrial and cosmic. A third unnatural type, mechanical, can also achieve this. In the extremely low frequency band (ELF), electromagnetic energy is largely produced by the radiation from vertical lightening discharges (cloud to ground charges as well as within clouds). A lightening discharge is a powerful electric discharge of short duration and commonly a few kilometers long. Most frequently, such discharges are known to form in cumulonimbus cloud formations, but they can also appear under different conditions, namely snow or sandstorms, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and nuclear explosions.

The earth is one of the planets that have a strong internal magnetic field. In the absence of any external drivers, the geomagnetic field can be approximated by a dipole field with an axis tilted about 11 degrees by the spin axis. The forcing by the solar wind is able to modify this field, creating a cavity called the magnetosphere. This cavity shelters the surface of the planet from the high-energy particles of the solar wind. The outer boundary of the magnetosphere is the magnetopause. In front of the dayside of the magnetopause, another boundary, called the bow shock, is formed because the solar wind is supersonic. The region between the bow shock and the magnetopause is called the magneto sheath. At low altitude limit, the magnetosphere ends at the ionosphere. The magnetosphere is filled with plasma that originates from both the ionosphere and the solar wind. Solar wind, and the magnetic field it carries, modifies the form of the magnetosphere by pulsing it in the dayside and creating a long magneto tail in the night side. Therefore, the distance of the magnetopause form the earth is only about 10 times the earth’s radius. In the dayside, while the tail is more than ten times longer. The magnetic field in the tail points toward the earth in the northern half and away in the southern half.

ELF radiation, arriving from outer space through the ionosphere may also act as a source for electro magnetic waves in the earth’s ionsopheric cavity. The other type of oscillation excited in space and reaching the earth through the ionosphere are Very Low Frequency (VLF) waves. The oscillations mentioned above are produced in the earth’s magnetosphere that consists of the following regions: the front of the shock waves separating the magnetosphere from cosmic space which is filled with the particles constituting the solar winds, the intermediate region filled with highly turbulent plasma, the magnetopause, which is the boundary of the geomagnetic field, the inner region referred to as the magnetosphere proper, and the tail of the magnetosphere containing the neutral sheet.

The most important aspect of the earth is that it behaves as an enormous magnet. The English physician and natural philosopher, William Gilbert, was the first to demonstrate this similarity in about 1600. The north magnetic pole is presently located off the western coast of Bathurst Island in the Canadian Northwest Territories (1290 km northwest of Hudson Bay). The south magnetic pole is presently situated at the edge of the Antarctic continent in Adelie Land (about 1930 km northeast of Little America). The magnetic field points down toward the surface if the earth in the northern Hemisphere and away from it in the southern hemisphere. The difference between the dipole axis and the geographic axis is one of the reasons why there are so many different coordinate systems needed to describe locations in space around the earth.

This geometry is supported by the existence of a cross-tail current, which is the neutral sheet. The main product of the solar wind-magnetosphere coupling is the large-scale magnetospheric convection electric field. In addition, solar wind pressure pulses affect the magnetosperic cavity. The energy that is transported from the solar wind into the magnetosphere creates geomagnetic activity and drives different kinds of geomagnetic pulsations.

The magnetosphere is a driven hydro magnetic system whose internal dynamics are controlled by the input solar wind energy through magnetic field merging. It is formed by the interaction of the earth’s magnetic field and the solar wind, which is the supersonic, superalfvenic and magnetized plasma expansion of the solar corona. Measurements in the magnetosphere have shown that the spectral density of ELF oscillations at frequencies near 10 Hz. are greater by almost an order of magnitude than the mean spectral density of noise observed in the earth’s ionospheric cavity in the same frequency band.

Global Wireless Communication is an area of application of ELF waves. The advantages of radio communication at extremely low frequencies are reasonably obvious. They include, above all, the attenuation (about 1 dB per 1000 km at a frequency of 110 Hz. F=100 Hz). The high signal stability achieved during the propagation in the earth ionosphere wave-guide. The large skin layer depth allows radio communication to be established with targets not merely on the earth’s surface, but also at various depths below. This means that ELF waves are the only means of communication with immersed submarines or the whales.

Understanding the nature of ELF waves eliminates any disadvantages that have been previously thought of their use. The efficiency of the antenna (to be discussed later in the explanation of the original design) is excellent; the rate of transmission of information is high and negligible atmospheric interference. Atmospheric interference is attenuated in exactly the same way as the useful signal during propagation in the ocean. The signal- noise ratio and all other characteristics of the communication line are therefore independent of the depth of submersion. The output power of a transmitter must be increased to maintain radio communication at great depths whether at the ocean or the core of the earth. The frequency dependence of attenuation in the earth ionosphere wave guide channel must be known before one can choose the optimum wavelength and the other parameters of the radio communication length. The solution of this problem cannot rely on theoretical calculations alone because the results of such calculations depend on the chosen model of the ionosphere. If we combine, all the data obtained by different scientists with the aid of Schumann resonance and through the analysis of atmospherics, we can examine the frequency dependence of attenuation over the entire VLF/ELF band.

Terrestrial high frequency communications rely on reflections from the ionized layers in the upper atmosphere. The ionosphere distorts earth-space links and ionospheric perturbations can affect all types of telecommunications.

The physical properties of free space electromagnetic waves and how the atmosphere influences the propagation of electromagnetic waves must be considered before further advancement. Propagation of waves in free space is different from that in cable or wave-guides. With respect to signal propagation, these latter are one-dimensional systems and a wave does not loose energy as it travels except due to absorption or scattering. In three dimensions, waves radiate spherically. As they travel, the surface area they occupy increases as the square of the distance that it travels.

Since energy is conserved, the energy per unit surface area must decrease as the square of the distance. Thus, the power of free space waves obeys an inverse square law. For each doubling of the distance between the source and the receiver a 6 dB, loss is experienced. This loss has been eradicated by understanding the matrix of radio waves in free space for this technology. When waves traveling in free space are obstructed, new waves result from the interaction. There are four types of interaction: reflection (when a wave meets a plain object and the wave is reflected back without distortion), refraction (when a wave encounters a medium with a different wave speed and the direction and speed of the wave occurs), and diffraction (when the wave encounters an edge and the wave has the ability to turn the corner Dependent upon the frequency [the higher the frequency, the less diffraction]), and scattering (the catch all description of wave interactions that are too complex to describe as any of the previous three). The result of scattering is to remove radiation of the wave and re-radiate it over a wide range of directions. Scattering is also strongly frequency dependent and will usually increase with frequency.

From the point of view of wave propagation, there are two layers. The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere. It extends from the surface to a height of 50 km and contains all the earth’s weather, liquid water, most of the water vapor, most of the gaseous atmosphere and most of the pollution. The ionosphere extends from the top of the troposphere into outer space. It consists of oxygen molecules that are ionized by the action of the sun. During the day the quantity of ions rise, and the ions recombine at night to form uncharged oxygen molecules. The ionization of the atmosphere converts the ionosphere into plasma, an electrically neutral gas of positive and negative charges. Plasma has a wave speed that is a strong function of frequency. To a low frequency wave, the ionosphere behaves as a mirror; waves are simply reflected, thus permitting a mode of propagation in which the wave bounces forwards and backwards between the ionosphere and the earth.

Encryption

The use of digital computers has made highly secure communication a normal occurrence. It is much easier to encrypt than it is to decipher information. The principle is the same as a combination lock; with a computer, the combinations of the digits can be very large. The most commonly used encryption algorithms block ciphers. This means that the algorithm splits the plain text (the message to be encrypted) Into fixed size blocks, which are subjected to various functions to produce a block of cipher text. The most common functions are permutations based one expansion, compression, and straight shuffling transformations.

In a straight permutation, the bits of an n bit block are simply reordered. In expansion, as well as being reordered, the group of n bits is converted to m bits (m > n) with some bits being duplicated. In compression, the n bit block is converted to a p bit block (p < n) with some of the original bits unused.

The most widely used form (we use DES) of encryption is defined by the National Bureau of Standards and is known as the data encryption standard (DES). The DES is a block cipher, splitting the data stream into 64 bit blocks that are enciphered separately. A unique key of 56 bits is then used to perform a succession of trans position and substitutions operation. A 56-bit key has 7.2 * 1016 possible combinations. Assuming a powerful computer could attempt 108 combinations per second, it would still take over 20 years to break the code. If the code is changed three times per year, there is little possibility if it is being broken unless the code breaker has additional information.

The DES converts 64 bits of plain text into 64 bits of cipher texts. The receiver uses the same key to decipher the cipher text into plain text. The difficulty with this method is that each block is independent. This permits an interceptor in possession of the key to introduce additional blocks without the recipient being aware of this fact. In addition, the same plane text will generate the same cipher text; a fact of great value for someone attempting to break the code. These disadvantages are removed by chaining. Chaining describes the process of EOR-ING the plain text of one block with the cipher text of the previous block. In this way it is not possible to introduce blocks in a transparent fashion and repetitions of the same plain text generates different cipher text.

Modulation
Modulation will be utilized to take a message-bearing signal and superimpose it upon a carrier signal for transmission. For of ease of transmission, carrier signals are generally high frequencies for several reasons: for easy low loss and low dispersion propagation as electromagnetic waves so that they may be simultaneously transmitted with out interference from other signals so as to be able to multiplex (to combine multiple signals fir transmission at the same time). Extensive investigation of propagation characteristics has been accomplished.

posted 08-19-2003 07:07 PM               

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