posted 01-06-2002 04:10 PM            

•Kerosene-type aviation turbine fuel
•2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (antioxidant) [there are 5 other choices for antioxidant additive formulations--this is the first one]
•N,N'disalycylidene-1,2-propanediamine (metal deactivator)
•Stadis 450 (static dissipator)
•[compound not specified, possibly DCI-4A](corrosion inhibitor/lubricity improver)
•[compound not specified, possibly Di-EGME or Prist](fuel system icing inhibitor)
•SPEC AID 8Q462 or AeroShell Performance Additive 101 (thermal stability improver)

This list comes from Chevron: http://www.chevron.com/prodserv/fuels/bulletin/aviationfuel/4_at_fuel_comp.shtm

And here is another list from http://usapc.army.mil/miscellaneous/JP8HazardsStudy.doc

quote:

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JP-8 contains three additives: 1) the icing inhibitor diethylene glycolmonomethyl ether (DiEGME), 0.1% v/v; 2) the anti-static compound Stadis 450, 2 mg/L; and 3) the corrosion inhibitor DCI-4A, 15 mg/L (Allen et al., 2001). The possible toxicity of these individual additives and possible additive or synergistic toxicity with hydrocarbon constituents of the parent fuel has been only minimally researched. JP-8 (100), a new formulation being introduced for use by the USAF, is identical to JP-8 except for the addition of three more performance additives. These additives are 1) the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 25 ppm; 2) the metal deactivator (MDA), 3 ppm; and 3) the detergent and dispersant 8Q405, 70 ppm (Kanikkannnan et al., 2001).

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From the same paper, here is a summary of known health effects of JP-8:

quote:

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24. Summary

1. There is little or no evidence that acute or long-term JP-8 exposures result directly in cancer, serious organic disease, or death in humans.

2. Health effects of JP-8 exposure may be subtle, but persisting, and may occur over prolonged periods of low-dose exposure.

3. Some JP-8 induced health effects may require complex neurobehavioral, proteomic, genomic and metabolomic tests for early identification.

4. There appears to be major differences in JP-8 induced health effects as a function of the duration (acute versus long-term), route of administration (dermal versus respiratory versus oral), and exposure phase (vapor versus aerosol versus raw fuel).

5. From animal studies, it appears that brief exposure to JP-8, in at least aerosol or raw fuel phase, can result in severe and persisting immunosuppression.

6. Animal and in vitro studies indicate that exposure to JP-8 can result in modulation of dermal, pulmonary, hepatic, ocular, and renal systems involved in the metabolism, detoxification, and/or elimination of constituent chemicals of JP-8, as well as other xenobiotics.

7. Results of both human and animal studies would appear to indicate that prolonged "occupational-level" exposure to JP-8 could result in persisting changes in brainstem/cerebellar systems, as well as in neurobehavioral performance capacity.

8. Animal and in vitro studies indicate that acute or long-term exposure to JP-8, at least in aerosol phase, can result in persisting damage to the pulmonary system.

9. Human, animal and in vitro studies indicate that acute or long-term dermal exposure to JP-8 can result in damage to the skin (possible necrosis). There is limited evidence from animal studies that repeated dermal exposure to JP-8 might result in skin cancer.

10. There is limited evidence from animal studies that exposure of females to JP-8 can result in developmental deficits in offspring.

11. There is no direct evidence that JP-8 exposure can result in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). There is minimal evidence that repeated exposure to benzene, at JP-8 occupational levels, can result in development of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). It is generally unknown if possible immunosuppressive effects of JP-8 exposure, as well as JP-8 induced changes in detoxification systems (i.e., skin, liver, etc.) are correlated with the development of leukemia or other cancers.

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posted 01-07-2002 12:06 PM            

Extract of "Airports: Deadly Neighbors" by Charles R. Miller

About the Author: Mr. Miller was formerly a supervisor with a major airline and is currently a director of the Alliance of Residents Concerning O'Hare (AReCO) working on airport environmental issues.

What kinds of health effects may be occurring to the population in your neighborhood can be seen from a report, dated June 20, 1997 to the Georgetown Crime Prevention and Community Council by the Seattle-King County Department of Public Health. Georgetown is an area of Seattle, and surrounds the King County International Airport (Boeing Field), King County, in turn, surrounds greater Seattle. (The Georgetown Council is a sister organization to AReCO and member of US-CAW (United States Citizens Aviation Watch). When comparing hospitalization rates for Georgetown (Zip Code 98108) to those of King and North King Counties, the following, alarming statistics resulted:

a 57% higher asthma rate
a 28% higher pneumonia/influenza rate
a 26% higher respiratory disease rate
an 83% higher pregnancy complication rate
a 50% higher infant mortality rate
genetic diseases are statistically higher

mortality rates are 48% higher for all causes of death: 57% higher for heart disease, a 36% higher cancer death rate with pneumonia and influenza among the top five leading causes
average life expectancy 70.4 years (the same as in many developing nations) compared to Seattle's of 76.0 years.

Did you ever wonder what blows out of a jet airplane? Here is what you'll find in the air around an airport:

Freon 11, Freon 12, Methyl Bromide, Dichloromethane, cis-l,2-Dichloroethylene, 1,1,1-Trichloro-ethane, Carbon Tetrachloride, Benzene, Trichloroethylene, Toluene, Tetrachloroethene, Ethylbenzene, m,p-Xylene, o-Xylene, Styrene, 1,3,5-Trimethyl-benzene, 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene, o-Dichlorobenzene, Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Acrolein, Acetone, Propinaldehyde, Crotonaldehyde, Isobutylaldehyde, Methyl Ethyl Ketone, Benzaldehyde, Veraldehyde, Hexanaldehyde, Ethyl Alcohol, Acetone, Isopropyl Alcohol, Methyl Ethyl Ketone, Butane,
Isopentane, Pentane, Hexane, Butyl Alcohol, Methyl Isobutyl Ketone, n,n-Dimethyl Acetamide, Dimethyl Disulfide, m-Cresol, 4-Ethyl Toulene, n-Heptaldehyde, Octanal, 1,4-Dioxane, Methyl Phenyl Ketone, Vinyl Acetate, Heptane, Phenol, Octane, Anthracene, Dimethylnapthalene (isomers), Flouranthene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, Naph-thalene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene , Benzo(a)pyrene, 1-nitropyrene, 1,8-dinitropyrene, 1,3-Butadiene, sulfites, nitrites, nitrogen oxide, nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen trioxide, nitric acid, sulfur oxides, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, urea, ammonia, carbon monoxide, ozone, particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5).

One aircraft take-off can burn thousands of pounds of fuel.
The pollution from just one, two-minute 747 takeoff is equal to operating 2.4 million lawnmowers simultaneously.

The immunotoxicology of jet fuel:
In the early 1990's the United States Air Force began introducing a new safer, less explosive jet fuel, JP-8. Health complaints by engine mechanics and fuel handlers prompted a systematic effort to study the immunosuppressive potential of JP-8. We are testing the hypothesis that that dermal exposure to JP-8 induces immune suppression. Both DTH in vivo and T cell proliferation in vitro were suppressed following dermal application of JP-8. Suppression results after a single large exposure to JP-8, or following multiple smaller exposures. The effect of JP-8 is selective; doses of jet fuel that completely suppress DTH and T cell proliferation fail to interfere with antibody production. Cytokines and biological response modifiers, especially IL-10 and PGE2 appear to be involved. We are particularly interested in determining the mechanisms underlying JP-8-induced immune suppression. We are particularly interested in determining whether using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can overcome JP-8-induced immune suppression, thereby reducing the risk factor that jet fuel exposure has on the health status of exposed personnel. Ullrich, S.E. (1999) Dermal application of JP-8 jet fuel induces immune suppression.
Toxicological Sciences 52:61-67. Ullrich, S.E. and Lyons, H.L. (2000) Mechanisms involved in the immunotoxicity induced by dermal application of JP-8 jet fuel.
Toxicological Sciences 58:290-298. sullrich@mdanderson.org

The Federal Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry states that volatile organic compounds in jet exhaust, precisely 1,3-butadiene and benzene pose increased health risks in the exposed populace for leukemia and thyroid cancer.

FUEL WORKERS AND HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES
by Raphael Metzger, Esq.
Fuel workers are exposed to benzene in gasoline and petroleum solvents. Benzene is used as an additive in gasoline because it prevents engines from knocking. It is present in most gasolines at a concentration of a few percent. Benzene is a natural constituent of crude oil. Ordinary fractional distillation processes are insufficient to remove benzene from refined petroleum distillates. Benzene is therefore present as a contaminant in most petroleum products, although at a much lesser concentration than in gasoline. Benzene is also a major constituent of diesel exhaust.

Benzene is one of the few industrial chemicals that is a known human carcinogen. Exposure to benzene causes leukemia, blood diseases such as aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndrome, and also causes hematologic cancers such as leukemias, lymphomas and multiple myeloma.

Benzene is volatile and readily evaporates from gasoline and solvents, exposing workers to benzene vapors. Benzene is also absorbed through the skin. Fuel transport workers are exposed to high levels of benzene in filling and unloading tanker trucks. Service station attendants are exposed to benzene when fueling vehicles. Mechanics and other workers who immerse their hands in gasoline and other petroleum products are exposed to benzene dermally as well as by inhalation. Because of its presence in most petroleum products and its volatility and dermal permeability, benzene presents a substantial health risk to fuel workers such as transport workers, fuel station attendants, and mechanics. Exposure monitoring shows that such workers are often exposed to levels of benzene that are known to cause hematologic disease. Epidemiologic studies show that fuel workers, mechanics and service station attendants have increased risk of hematologic diseases and cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma, as well as kidney cancer. Interesting new research indicates that such workers are not only exposed to benzene at dangerous levels, but that workers in these industries routinely suffer decreased blood cell counts and chromosome damage as they do their jobs.

Recent studies also indicate, contrary to commonly held views, that intermittent exposure to benzene is more dangerous than continuous exposure, because the body produces higher levels of certain toxic metabolites of benzene on intermittent exposure.

BENZENE: Merely One ingredient in Jet Fuel
A HUMAN CARCINOGEN
by Raphael Metzger, Esq.
. Benzene is also a known human carcinogen. Benzene causes various types of leukemia, lymphoma, and blood diseases.
The first case reports of benzene-induced blood diseases date from 1897.
The first report of benzene causing leukemia was published in 1928.
In 1948 the American Petroleum Institute published a toxicological review of benzene, noting that benzene causes leukemia and that the only safe level of exposure to benzene is ZERO ppm (parts per million). The first epidemiologic study of benzene among Pliofilm rubber workers showing significantly increased risks of leukemia was published in 1977. Since then, many epidemiologic studies of benzene have been done, which establish benzene as a cause of various human hematologic cancers and diseases. Among the diseases that have been associated in the literature with benzene are acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), aplastic anemia, pancytopenia, other cytopenias, myelofibrosis, and polycythemia vera.
The greatest risk is to workers who use various petroleum solvents that contain benzene. The use of benzene as a solvent has been banned in the United States for more than twenty 20 years. Nevertheless, workers who use solvents are still exposed to benzene, because there is some benzene in most petroleum solvents.
. Recent studies from China and Great Britain establish that benzene can cause various hematologic cancers and blood diseases at extraordinarily low doses -- a few ppmy (part per million years). A part per million year (ppmy) of benzene is a cumulative dose of just 1 ppm. OSHA's permissible exposure limit for benzene is 1 ppm. Because benzene can still cause harm at this level, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has recommended a threshold limit value of .5 ppm, and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended Exposure Limit of 0.1 ppm.
These are very small amounts of benzene. Only one cup of benzene evaporated in a football field-size building (300' x 165' x 14') produces a 3.3 ppm vapor level, which is 3.3 times the OSHA standard, 6.6 times the ACGIH standard, and 33 times the NIOSH standard!!!

posted 01-16-2002 11:11 AM            

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What do Chemtrails have to do with fungus? It is my belief that the increased aerial activity needed to create a reasonably constant, at least partial, cloud cover, necessary to keep dangerous UV/UV-B rays at bay, have sensitized human respiratory systems to such an extent that leaves them susceptible to the growing fungal menace in our environment. These sensitizations, or allergic reactions, could be caused by either by the kerosene-like jet fuel (JP-8 and JP8 + 100) used by the jets that make these cloud-cover contrails. These kerosene-like fuels have a high carbon burn-off residue and their aerosol has been cited by OSHA to be problematic to human respiratory sytems [re: OSHA studies JP-8 ground crew results, March 1999] resulting in prolonged bouts of bronchitis with a hacking cough and sore throat. Or, perhaps, there is an as of yet unknown ingredient present in the contrails themselves that could be causing the sensitization, although I would think this less likely. To date, inquiries into efforts to perform spectragraphic studies on contrail aerosol have not yielded any agencies willing to take on the task.

In people with asthma or already-existing environmental allergies, their symptoms are much more acute. I have interviewed many people who tell me that they have environmental allergies and/or asthma and that when they go out under heavily contrail'd skies their symptoms increase dramatically. Conversely, individuals who don't have environmental allergies seem to suffer much less severely from being exposed to contrail laden skies and some not at all. This nearly constant sensitization by the constant exposure in the environment to the fine carbon particulate combustion residue from jet fuel in our breathing space, compounded by other environmental pollutants, works to create an environment inside the lungs, nasal passages, eyes, skin, i.e. increased fluid, that promotes fungal growth and assists fungal infections to take stronger hold. And once a fungal infection takes hold in lungs and other organs this makes a person much more susceptible to bacterial and/or viral infections setting in, creating a seriously ill patient. I believe this is what accounts for the "flu-like" illnesses that people have reported - not flu at all, but a fungal respiratory syndrome with more than likely bacterial and/or viral accompaniments. Airborne fungal pathogens (from inhalation of their spores) affect the upper respiratory system, as well as ears and eyes, causing symptoms similar to flu, pneumonia and even tuberculosis, as well as conjunctivitis "pinkeye". These fungi also can spread to tissues throughout the body, causing widespread disease.

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posted 01-16-2002 11:28 AM            

quote:

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29. Exposure of Ground Crew to Aircraft Exhaust Constituents at the South Pole.
H. Mahar, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA
Case Study Description: Because of the extreme environmental conditions at the South Pole, cargo aircraft (LC-130s) resupplying the research station are serviced with engines (turbo-prop) turning. Ground crew are exposed to engine exhaust constituents continuously during the cargo handling activities. Extreme environmental conditions precluded many sampling/ analytical schemes to characterize the exposures.

Because of extreme environmental conditions at the National Science Foundation's research station at the geographic South Pole, cargo aircraft (LC-130s) resupplying the station are serviced with engines (turbo-prop) turning. Therefore, ground crew handling cargo are exposed to engine exhaust constituents continuously during the off-load/re-load process, and have experienced health complaints associated with those activities.

Exposure assessments of those activities have been conducted, involving characterization of the engine exhaust plume behind the aircraft (with isopleths of sentinel exhaust constituent concentrations determined), partial chemical characterization of the exhaust (e.g., volatile organics, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide) and medical screening of the cargo handlers. Extreme environmental conditions limited sampling/analytical schemes to the use of sorbent tubes (single and multi-media), with subsequent GC, GC/MS, and derivization analytical techniques. Exhaust constituents included combustion products of the fuel (JP-8), partial combustion products and raw fuel _all in gas/vapor phase or as an aerosol (fume, mists, particulate materials). Direct reading instruments were utilized to define exhaust plumes in more temperate climates.

Personal exposures are dependent on time and location in the exhaust plume and the environmental conditions during the off-load process (ambient temperatures affect performance and combustion efficiency of the engine as well as speciation of the exhaust constituents). No clear single or group of chemical constituents appear to be associated strongly with the health complaints noted, and no established PEL/TLV seems to be exceeded. Medical complaints appear to be non-specific, most frequently upper respiratory irritation, headache, nausea, the severity of which is associated with length of exposure and may be idiosyncratic.

The findings are consistent with similar studies conducted by the military services concerned with similar work environments. Collectively, these studies suggest JP-8 may be more irritating than other aviation fuels, with flight operations in cold temperatures exacerbating the symptoms. This study characterizes the exhaust exposures at low environmental temperatures bordering the extreme end of the operating envelop of the aircraft and could be considered "worst case" conditions.

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posted 01-16-2002 11:59 AM            

quote:

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Inhalation:
Upon prolonged and/or repeated exposure, can cause moderate
respiratory irritation, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, nausea and
headache.Harmful! Can cause systemic damage upon prolonged and/or
repeated exposure (see "Target Organs)
Skin Absorption:
Upon prolonged or repeated exposure, harmful if absorbed through the
skin. May cause severe irritation and systemic damage
31254, 31254-5XX, & 31354 / JP-8 Standard
Page 1 of 4

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posted 01-16-2002 01:14 PM            

Be sure to check out "Directions for the Future" http://jp8.org/JPdirections.htm

Here are some especially interesting topics:

-Explore mechanism by which JP-8 damages cells in vitro

-Explore mechanism by which JP-8 suppresses immune functions

-Quantify effects of JP-8 on enzyme induction in retina and cerebellum

-Study effects of JP-8 on damaging skin and mediating immune suppression via interaction with skin

posted 01-29-2002 09:41 AM            

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toxdoc
Registered User
Posts: 87
(1/28/02 9:29:15 pm)
Reply Hey Jay
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Hmmm, while I think his work with rodents is good, the problem is it is in rodents. In some cases rodents are very good models for humans, in other cases they aren't. In regards to the immunotoxicology studies mice are just not very good models for humans. They are really sensitive to immunological insult, and most any stress causes them to mount really overblown inflammatory responses. It's a really complex process but, you see it pretty much if you look for it. The fact that substance P and anti-inflammatories can prevent a lot of the adverse responses is pretty indicative that this is not so much a specific toxicity but, just some really stressed mice. I've seen similar results with many different agents, including getting near complete loss of the thymus with toxic but, non-lethal doses of acetaminophen. Lung presents a similar problem, again the rat is a really sensitive species that is just not a great human model. Are jet fuels causing some of the clusters in places like Falon? Not likely. It's really difficult to ever pinpoint a cause and really there has never been any real exposures or releases to justify worry. In truth, there's probably more exposure to benzene and such when a car with a half tank of gas is in an attached garage. And really, just because you can measure something it's not a big deal unless you increase threshold doses. Clusters are all to often just random clumps, no specific reason for them they are just statistical flukes. Take a 100 pennies, put them in a box and shake them up. Then define a sampling technique (say a 4 *4 square) and only look for heads up coins in the 4*4 square, you'll see lots of clusters. John Brignel of the Numberwatch web site has some far better examples of clustering than I ( http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/ ) .

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posted 12-06-2003 01:12 PM            

I wonder how this ties in with Jim Phelps' theories?