posted 12-10-2001 08:41 AM            

ICIS INSTITUTE FOR COOPERATION IN SPACE

PO Box 25040 Ventura, CA 93001

Tel: 805-641-1999 Fax: 805-641-9669

Dr. Carol Rosin, President, ICIS
rosin@peaceinspace.com www.peaceinspace.com POSITION PAPER - 11/29/01

LEGISLATION and WORLD TREATY BANNING SPACE-BASED WEAPONS to be SIGNED in 2002

The Space Preservation Act of 2001 (HR 2977), "To preserve the cooperative, peaceful uses of space for the benefit of all humankind by permanently prohibiting the basing of weapons in space by the United States, and to require the President to take
action to adopt and implement a world treaty banning space-based weapons," was introduced in the House of Representatives on October 2nd by Congressman Dennis Kucinich (D-Ohio). The World Treaty Banning Space-based Weapons and H.R. 2977 provide a new framework for national and world security that is based on building a cooperative world space development and exploration industry. The World Treaty incorporates the provisions of H.R. 2977. These documents establish a permanent ban on space-based weapons and a space peacekeeping agency to verify the
ban. The World Treaty is based on existing treaties and world law on the peaceful uses of outer space, including the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, as well as on the most recent U.N. General Assembly resolutions on preventing an arms race in space.

Within the year 2002, the ban on space-based weapons must become national and world law, and further testing of missile defense space-based weapons must be prevented, BEFORE an unstoppable momentum of vested interests can build them. The space-based weapons R&D
program is accelerating amid an atmosphere of fear and terrorism. We simply must cap the arms race before it reaches space. The weaponization of space would definitely increase global instability and the probability of global warfare with weapons of mass destruction, and will not protect anyone or anything from terrorists.

The time is right to transform the space-based weapons industry into a world cooperative space industry that will stimulate the economy and the research and
development (R&D) of Space Age products and services that can be applied directly to solving urgent humanitarian and environmental problems, create an abundance of new jobs and training programs, and emplace a strong national and global security system based on modernizing and on enhancing world cooperative information sharing and technology applications.

The legislation and the World Treaty halt R&D, testing, production, manufacturing and deployment of all space-based weapons. Far from disrupting the economy, they will stimulate it as new products and services emerge, creating a multitude of vital benefits that will bring the world, including
adversaries, together.

Now, the largest R&D program in history is mandated to weaponize space. Removing that mandate will not stop R&D, but it will stop the R&D intended for space-based weaponry. This will free minds in the industry to
create technologies and services that will provide unlimited opportunities to all world citizens. With intention and commitment, the space-based weapons industry will be transformed into a world cooperative military, civil and commercial space industry without weapons in space. The war and weapons economy will be transformed into a Space Age economy. Keeping weapons out of space is one of the most important and possibly the most important contribution our generation can make.

We are calling for the removal of the mandate to weaponize space and, simultaneously, for the continuation and expansion of world cooperative military, civil and commercial space R&D, applications
and exploration programs of a non-space-based weapons nature. National and world security on earth can only be achieved through world cooperation in space. The
space frontier offers us a unique place and time, and a once-in-a-lifetime choice: Weaponization or Cooperation in Space.

It is the responsibility of our generation to keep space open and free of weapons, and to facilitate transformation to the new space paradigm, a whole new way of thinking (true second order change!), that will
provide for a new marketplace and security system, health, education, a safe environment, with peace and justice for all on earth and in space.

Go to http://www.peaceinspace.com where you can read the legislation and the World Treaty and FAX U.S. congressional and world leaders requesting they sign immediately.

posted 12-10-2001 09:23 AM            

Space Preservation Act of 2001 and World Treaty Banning Space-based Weapons
*A Permanent Ban on Space-based Weapons *Ban the Weaponization of Space *Benefits for ALL!

*Transform the war economy into a space economy, with no space-based weapons = New Space Paradigm!

Why is it urgent to prevent the weaponization of space?

The United States has put vast resources into a space-based weapons research and development (R&D) program also known as National Missile Defense (NMD), Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD), "Star Wars,"
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), or Global
Protection System (GPS). This system would be
ineffective, immensely costly, politically
destabilizing, offensive, dangerous, and will only perpetuate more violence, suffering and death without protecting anyone or anything from suitcase bombs,
biological or chemical warfare, or any number of inexpensive, easy ways of terrorizing and killing, made tragically apparent on 9/11/01. It is the RESPONSIBILITY of our generation to make sure that space remains weapons-free, and that space technology and information services are applied directly to urgent humanitarian and environmental needs.

We have only one chance in history when we CAN prevent the weaponization of space from occurring. At a certain point, it becomes impossible to stop the momentum of funding and vested interests that builds a gigantic and complicated system like this. We can now,
AIKIDO style, steer its direction and transform the space-based weapons program into a cooperative world space program (and prevent the weaponization of space from occurring). It is not a matter of whether or not we are evolving into space. We are there. It is a matter of "how" we are going into space. With weapons or world cooperation. And since space-based weapons
simply won't stop terrorists or protect anyone or any of our assets on earth or in space, it is time to move into a new space paradigm, a whole new way of thinking
(true second order change!). The action taken by the U.S. administration to weaponize space are accelerating rapidly. WE have to act quickly and effectively together to build support for the Space Preservation Act of 2001 (H.R. 2977) and for the World
Treaty Banning Space-based Weapons (which will soon be officially introduced) and turn them into law in 2002.

What is the Space Preservation Act of 2001 (H.R. 2977)?

On October 2, 2001, Congressman Dennis Kucinich (D-OHIO) introduced the Space Preservation Act of 2001 in the U.S. House of Representatives: "To preserve the
cooperative uses of space for the benefit of all humankind by permanently prohibiting the basing of weapons in space by the United States, and to require the President to take actions to adopt and implement a world treaty banning space-based weapons."

Congressman Kucinich says, "We signed the ABM treaty nearly 30 years ago which requires a reduction in strategic arms, nuclear disarmament and general and
complete disarmament. Weaponization of space clearly violates that treaty. My bill [calls] for an immediate and permanent termination of research, testing,
manufacturing, production and deployment of all space-based weapons systems and components by any person, agency or contractor of the U.S. government."

The specially designed wording and the concepts in this Bill present a whole new way of thinking, a new space paradigm. This "second order change" is a politically, economically, technologically and socially feasible vision that will become law.

How does the Space Preservation Act of 2001 (H.R. 2977) prevent the weaponization of space?

H.R. 2977 places a permanent ban on the basing of weapons in space and requires the President of the United States to: "(1) implement a permanent U.S. ban on space-based weapons and to remove from space any
existing U.S. space-based weapons; and (2) immediately order the permanent termination of research and development, testing, manufacturing, production, and deployment of all space-based weapons of the United States and their components." It defines "weapons"
broadly, and prohibits only those that are based in space (60 km. or more above Earth) or on a celestial body, like the moon, the planets, or the asteroids, or on man-made objects such as space stations or satellites.

Does H.R. 2977 help establish a World Treaty Banning Space-based Weapons?

Yes, the Space Preservation Act of 2001 requires the President to "direct the United States representatives to the United Nations and other international organizations to immediately work toward negotiating, adopting, and implementing a world agreement banning space-based weapons." An enforceable and verifiable world treaty banning these weapons must include most nation-states in order to become law that will prevent the weaponization of space.

The Space Preservation Act of 2001 is the foundation for the World Treaty Banning Space-based Weapons. The World Treaty draft is now being discussed at high levels among world government leaders.

Canada has announced an initiative for a world treaty banning space-based weapons. On July 26, 2001, the same date that Congressman Kucinich announced his plan to ban space-based weapons, the Foreign Minister of Canada, John Manley, announced in Hanoi that "Canada would be very happy.to launch an initiative to see an international convention preventing the weaponization
of space." Congressman Kucinich replied to the Canadian initiative stating, "I am pleased with the recent news from our neighbor to the north that Canada is ready to join an international effort to prohibit
weapons in space."

A rapidly growing list of space-faring nations including Canada, Russia, and China have publicly announced their support of banning space-based weapons, and their commitment to preserving the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty.

Why does space have to be preserved weapons-free?

Keeping weapons out of interplanetary space is one of the most important and potentially THE most important contribution our generation can make to the future of
this planet. We are alive at the only time in history when we can do this. The time to begin this task is now and to accomplish the ban as soon as possible in 2002, before an unstoppable momentum of funding and vested interests can be generated that would build
space-based weapons. That window of opportunity is quickly closing as the U.S. administration accelerates plans to further test space-based weapons (and deployment can take place under the guise of "it's merely 'testing'"). In other words, while the distraction campaign may tell you these space-based weapons are years away from being able to be deployed, that is a lie. We need to cap the arms race before it reaches space in 2002.

Weapons in space would not protect anyone or anything from terrorism. The weaponization of space would only increase global instability, and the probability of global warfare with weapons of mass destruction.

We've learned that enumerating the dangers, costs, and fallacies of space-based weapon systems will not stop them from being researched and developed, whether called the SDI, NMD, BMD, GPS, or "Star Wars." We've
heard the ever-changing excuses including the Russian threat, the terrorist threats, the Third World country crazies, Nations of Concern or rogue nations, asteroids, to protect our space assets, to stop missiles or weapons of mass destruction, and don't be
surprised if one day you hear about supposed "evil ET's." Depending upon the audience, different are presented excuses for why this system is supposedly needed. In fact, under the disclaimer of "it's merely
RESEARCH" this has become the largest R&D program in history mandated to weaponize space.

While we want strong "national security" and a "worldsecurity" system, we now know that space-based weapons won't protect anyone or anything, and won't protect us against missiles or suitcase bombs, biological, chemical, or cyber warfare.

Besides, that old thought process which focuses on what weapons or components of weapons we do or don't want is one based on "first order change" that doesn't
change anything. By passing into law the comprehensive and verifiable ban of space-based weapons while we simultaneously replace that program with cooperative
world space ventures, we cause "second order change" to occur. That means we "cap" the weapons industry before it can become a space-based weapons industry and we create a cooperative world space military, civil and commercial/entrepreneurial industry without
weapons in space that will bring the entire world together (including adversaries) with an abundance of benefits and unlimited opportunities for all.

We are only calling for the removal of the mandate to weaponize space and, simultaneously, for the continuation of world cooperative military, civil and commercial space R&D, applications and exploration programs of a non-space-based weapons nature. This is doable, and makes sense.

Without weapons in space, how will security be achieved?

National and world security can only be achieved through world cooperation, information sharing, joint international technology development, and when everyone sees the benefits available when we directly
apply our Space Age technology and information services to solving urgent and potential human and environmental problems.

We can achieve security by opposing the"
weaponization" of space, not the "militarization" of space. We need the well organized and skilled militaries in space, their role is different in space.
Three quarters of existing satellites are of a military nature and have valuable non-weapons oriented applications. Space business, entrepreneurs, civil and commercial ventures, and exploration projects are inexorably linked to the military.as launches take place with the assistance and participation of the
military. Besides, militaries in space are not going to disappear. It is time to learn about what their service roles are and can be in space.

How can the war space industry be transformed into a space development and exploration industry?

The Space Preservation Act and the forthcoming world treaty enact world law that will ban space-based weapons. Even just the thought of banning space-based weapons causes those in the military industrial
intelligence university lab complex to have to start to look at ventures in space they can produce of a non-weapons nature. And since this IS the time when this has to be done, the decision will be made within
the next few short weeks regarding whether or not we will cooperate worldwide or allow the weaponization of space to occur, we simply have to make the decision (no matter on what other issues we work), to outlaw
space-based weapons and simultaneously to transform the space-based weapons industry into a world cooperative space industry that will stimulate the economy, create new jobs and training programs, and emplace a strong national and global security system
based on world cooperation in space related ventures.

Instead of building space-based weapons, for example, we can build world cooperative space ventures including space habitats, stations, hospitals, schools, industries, laboratories, farms, hotels and resorts, and craft to travel the universes to learn
more about ourselves and our neighbors. IMAGINE what we will learn about advanced Space Age medical and healing techniques as we R&D a space hospital with the most advanced healing technologies and techniques.
IMAGINE what incredible advancements in education we will be able to make available to local areas worldwide in terms of global education for our children with respect for our unity and diversity, including for other cultures and belief systems, as we learn more about who we are in these bodies.and about Space Age technologies including enhanced communication satellite applications for educating and enhancing communication and understanding worldwide,
for example. IMAGINE the impact on labor as we create a huge new job market with new training programs. IMAGINE how we can apply space technology and information services to viewing the earth from space so we can see where the sick waters, land and air are
so we can clean them up. IMAGINE how satellites can be used not as "force multipliers" in war situations but
to verify the reduction and eventual elimination of dangerous technologies, and for seeing to what remote locations suffering people have fled so that our
militaries can quickly distribute food, water and medicine to them.

Will the Space Preservation Act of 2001 disrupt the economy?

The Space Preservation Act of 2001 halts research and development, testing, production, manufacturing and deployment of all space-based weapons. Far from disrupting the economy, it will stimulate it as new
products and services emerge, creating a multitude of new opportunities.

Now, the largest R&D program in history is mandated to weaponize space. Removing that mandate will not stop R&D, but it will stop the R&D intended for space-based weaponry. By ceasing to focus on space-based weapons
will free minds in the industry to create technologies and services that will provide an abundance of vital benefits to all world citizens. The space-based weapons industry will be transformed into a world cooperative civil, military and commercial space
industry without weapons in space. The obsolete, costly, dangerous and destabilizing war and weapons Economic system that was headed for developing
space-based weapons pointed down all our throats and into space.is going to be transformed into a world cooperative, truly peaceful, exciting new Space Age Economic system.

What must happen for the Space Preservation Act of 2001 to become law?

Now that the Space Preservation Act of 2001 has been introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives, it must be introduced in the U.S. Senate, passed by both chambers, sent to the President of the United States
and signed into law.

The countries of the world will simultaneously be signing on to the World Treaty Banning Space-based Weapons that incorporates the same purpose and language of H.R. 2977 and that is based on language
already adopted in U.N. space treaties.

Finally, all groups around the world can sign on to support this final cap on the arms race and the transformation that we all want. It's a win-win.

But we have to do a lot of work within the next few short weeks, educating the public/voters, decision makers, leaders and our representatives, and the media to let them know that we are going to ban
space-based weapons, so that all are prepared to enter the new space paradigm, this new way of thinking and acting together.

U.S. national and world law will finally stop the escalation of the arms race, of weaponry into space in 2002. Thus, the arms race will be capped in 2002. GAME
OVER ~ NEW GAME BEGINS IN 2002! The world's leaders, mincluding adversaries, will join together in new commitments to work together in ways yet to be imagined, in order to participate in and reap the benefits of this new law. This is in everyone's best interest! And, again, this is the only time when this can be done. And it will be done.

The World Treaty Banning Space-based Weapons is based on existing treaties and world law on the peaceful uses of outer space, including the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. The world treaty is also based on the most
recent U.N. General Assembly resolutions on preventing an arms race in space. The world treaty brings together these principles in one document, which establishes a permanent ban on space-based weapons, as well as a space peace-keeping agency. You can access
the legal background of the world treaty banning space-based weapons at:

World Space Treaties Status: http://registry.oosa.unvienna.org/oosa/treaty_status/index.stm

UN General Assembly outer space res.: http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/SpaceLaw/gares/index.html

International space law: http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/SpaceLaw/spacelaw.htm

What can I do to get H.R. 2977 and the World Treaty passed and signed into law?

Make the prevention of the weaponization of space a priority in your life. Develop close relationships with your legislative representatives, leaders of your community and of your country, political parties, and
governmental and non-governmental organizations. Mobilize and activate your groups and communities. Work every day in every way to keep space weapons-free.

Educate and encourage your government representatives to co-sponsor this legislation and/or to sign the treaty.

Contact nation-state and world leaders to educate and encourage them to introduce and to sign the legislation and the World Treaty Banning Space-based Weapons. Ask international leaders to contact the U.S.
President and friends in the U.S. Congress to
encourage them to sign H.R. 2977 and, in the
President's case, to sign the World Treaty.

And educate the media. Even though many are skeptical about "who owns the media," we can find media representatives who have integrity. Keep them updated regarding the status of the issue. Write your own articles, books, documentaries, etc. Involve the children in the visioning of what they want for their future in space.

What will the World Treaty Banning Space-based Weapons and the Space Preservation Act of 2001 do?

Implement a permanent ban on space-based weapons and remove from space any existing space-based weapons. Order the permanent termination of all research, testing, development, manufacturing, production, or
deployment of all systems and components intended for space-based weapons by any person, agency, or contractor of any nation or party including any unacknowledged space-based weapons programs. Verifiably disable and remove any deployed space-based weapons, acknowledged or unacknowledged. Prohibit the basing in space of any tactical or strategic weapon or object carrying such weapons,
including nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction, or the installation of such space-based objects or weapons on celestial bodies, or the positioning of such weapons in outer space in any other manner. The moon, the planets, and other celestial bodies shall be used exclusively for non-weapons, peaceful purposes. The establishment of weapons-related military bases, installations and fortifications, the research, testing or development of any type of weapons and the conduct of military
maneuvers on celestial bodies or on space-based objects, stations or platforms, shall be forbidden. Declare that the use of military personnel for scientific research or for any other non-spaced-based weapons civil, military or commercial purposes shall
not be prohibited. The use of any equipment or facility necessary for peaceful research, development, applications or exploration or for habitation on the moon, the planets or other celestial bodies, or on objects, stations or platforms in space shall also not
be prohibited. Establishment, funding, equipping and deployment of a neutral world outer space peacekeeping organization,
whose mission will be to monitor outer space and to verify the permanent ban of space-based weapons. Space exploration, research, development, testing, manufacturing or deployment that is not related to space-based weapons or systems; including civil,
commercial, or military and defense activities (i.e. communications, navigation, surveillance, reconnaissance, early warning, or remote sensing that are not related to space-based weapons or systems will continue. The establishment of weapons-related military bases, installations and fortifications, the testing of any
type of weapons and the conduct of military maneuvers on celestial bodies or space-based objects shall be forbidden. Nations will not base in space any object carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons, including weapons of mass destruction,
install such space-based objects or weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner. The moon, the planets, and other celestial bodies shall be used by all States Parties to this Treaty exclusively for non-weapons,
peaceful purposes. Nation-state leaders will agree to establish, fund, equip and deploy a United Nations outer space peacekeeping agency, whose mission is to monitor outer
space and enforce the permanent ban of space-based weapons. Transform the space-based weapons industry into a world cooperative civil, military, and commercial space research, development, application and
exploration industry.

CONCLUSION

The mew space paradigm is "second order change," a new way of thinking and acting. We can now, and only at this moment in time (don't be fooled, it's now or
never), put a literal "cap" on the arms race BEFORE it escalates into space. Once momentum puts it there, even under the guise of "it's merely research or testing," we would close off space forever to our
children or to potential visitors from other places in our vast universe. Yes, this is the time to make the decision and to work to transform the war game industry into a space game industry, without space-based weapons. This is the time to work with people who want to provide a new security system based
on information and technology sharing and on
applications of this to solving urgent and potential problems of humans and our environment. Even adversaries have problems that need to be solved, and will come together to ban space-based weapons and to
participate in the sharing of information enhancement of communication worldwide to better understandings of each others perspectives so we can live in peace on
this garden planet. This is the time to get economists together so that they can see how we can stimulate the economy and add an abundance of desperately needed new
jobs and training programs in the U.S. and around the world that are based on a new kind of Space Age marketplace that will roll out as the ban on space-based weapons is signed. And this is the time to let everyone know that a whole new marketplace of
products and services is about to emerge that will be applied directly to solving urgent and potential man-made or natural disasters.

Remember this: We will have peace on earth, through peace in space. NOW is the time to transform the weapons industry into a space industry. The weapons and nuclear industry and an obsolete and limited mindset are mobilizing to move into space. Right now
it is a limited mindset that, while there is some civil, entrepreneurial and commercial intention, it is being stifled because the U.S. administration is currently on the space-based weapons mindset. This is
about to be changed by those who are joining forces to change the game both in the U.S. and in international circles. It is our responsibility to make sure we achieve the ban on all space-based weapons as soon as
possible in 2002. We have a very short amount of time in which to accomplish this, but together as never before, we can and will do this.

Four IMPORTANT position and talking points:

We do not protest the "militarization of space." The militarization of space has happened. The military is not going to disappear from the space frontier. Over
three-quarters of satellites are of a military nature. We do oppose the "weaponization of space." We identify
what the military is doing that is good and in service to the people, and what the militaries can do of a non-weapons nature in space (and on earth). Simultaneous to the ban on space-based weapons, we call for enhancing world cooperative agreements on
civil, military and commercial/entrepreneurial space ventures. We are working to bring all world people
together to sign on to the ban on space-based weapons, including identified and potential adversaries. This is a win-win for everyone, so let's invite everyone on earth to come together on this issue. We will all come together on this one issue now because there are vital benefits and opportunities that will be made available to all (no matter what their culture or belief
system). And we will identify leaders one by one as they begin to understand "second order change" and the "new space paradigm," so that they will represent us as they vote to apply available and forthcoming Space
Age technology and information services directly to solving urgent and potential human and environmental problems that are currently threatening all of our lives.
We do not call for stopping fundamental "research," but we do call for the immediate stopping of research
and testing that is mandated to weaponize space. We must include the words "research" and "testing" in the World Treaty as they appear in the legislation.
Remember, the space-based weapons program of today was built under the guise of "it's merely RESEARCH" and "it's only TESTING." The space-based weapons system can be deployed just by calling it research or
testing. Don't be fooled. This system is ready for space, and it's our job to make sure that what we want happens.
We will transform the entire war industry (and mindset) into a world cooperative space
industry...simply by beginning with banning of space-based weapons and, therefore, the removal of the U.S. President's mandate to weaponize space, and by simultaneously calling for the creation of a huge world cooperative space program.

The benefits derived from products and services, technology and information services that will be created as minds are unleashed and budgets are freed up so they can be applied directly to solving urgent
humanitarian and environmental problems including those of health and education, civil liberties, peace and justice, poverty, pollution, and the energy crisis will be incalculable.

The only way to build real security is to enhance communication, understanding, and cooperation. We have the technology.and space gives us the time and the place. We can and will make this timely and unique
agreement to ban space-based weapons, and to create this new space paradigm. Even adversaries will want to work together to reap the vital benefits that will be made available to all world citizens. We will come
together no matter what our belief systems and experiences, no matter what our current situation or past history, because this is so beneficial to everyone.

Most important of all, this law will cause true "second order change" to occur. "First order change" is when we respond with more of the same. "Second order change" is when we respond in a totally new way - leap out of the box. "First order change" is when
space-based weapons are deployed. "Second order change" is when we provide a win-win by preserving the sanctuary of space and the universe for a multitude of peaceful purposes and benefits for all that will bring
everyone together in a new way, including adversaries, for the benefits and opportunities of a world yet to be imagined. The game changes here and now, in our
lifetime, in 2002!

Everything and everyone is in place to change the entire old, dangerous paradigm into a new space paradigm based on the Space Preservation Act of 2001 and the forthcoming World Treaty Banning Space-based Weapons. The timing is right. This is the time. We
have only one chance, and that means within the next few short weeks. In 2002 - it will be done! This is the biggest WIN-WIN of all time.

TO DO: Make the prevention of the weaponization of space a priority in your life. Contact and develop personal relationships with U.S. and world leaders and
work with them until they have signed on to the ban on space-based weapons bill and/or treaty. Mobilize members of your groups and communities. Educate everyone you can including members of the media about
the bill and the treaty. Work every day in every way to keep space weapons-free.

View H.R. 2977, Space Preservation Act or 2001, and the World Treaty Banning Space-based Weapons draft on the website: http://www.peaceinspace.com. You know what to
do. And if you don't, contact ICIS for your Special Assignment.

posted 12-10-2001 09:34 AM            

(9 states have ratified the Moon Treaty as of February 1, 2001)
Applies only to U.S. and Russia.

Permanent ban on space-based tactical and strategic weapons; removal from space of any existing space-based weapons

Section
Yes.

Article I, Section 1(a)
Not applicable
Not applicable
Not applicable

Termination of research and development, testing, manufacturing, production, and deployment of all space-based weapons
Yes.

Article 1,Section 1(b)
Not applicable
Not applicable
Not applicable

Treaty does not prohibit:

Non-weapons related Space exploration
research, development, testing, manufacturing or deployment

Civil, commercial, or defense activities (including communications, navigation, surveillance, reconnaissance, early warning, or remote sensing) that are not related to space-based weapons or systems.
Yes

Article 1, Section 4
Yes.

Article 1
Yes.

Article IV
Not applicable

SPACE/ABM TREATIES - COMPARISON

Operative Provision
World Treaty Banning Space-based Weapons
1967 Outer Space Treaty
1979 Moon Treaty
1972 ABM Treaty

Prohibits weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in space
or on celestial body
Yes.

Article II, Section 1
Yes.

Article IV
Yes.

Article III
Not applicable

Prohibits weapons-related bases or testing on
celestial bodies
Yes.

Article II, Section 1
Yes

Article IV
Yes.

Article III
Not applicable

Use of military personnel for non-weapons activities
is permitted.
Yes.

Article II, Section 2
Yes.

Article IV
Yes.

Article III
Not applicable

ENFORCEMENT

Establishes, and deploys a United Nations outer space peacekeeping agency, whose mission is to monitor outer space and enforce the permanent ban of space-based
weapons under this Treaty.
Yes.

Article IV
Not applicable
Not applicable
Not applicable

Note: The 1967 Outer Space Treaty does NOT ban space-based weapons. It bans weapons of mass destruction in space. Moreover, that treaty has NO enforcement mechanism. Also, the Moon Treaty and the ABM Treaty do not ban space-based weapons.

("Space-based weapon" and "weapon system" means any tactical, theatre or strategic weapon, weapon system or component that is
based in space, on the moon, on the planets or on any celestial body, or on any object in space.) That is why there are two new interlocking instruments that incorporate the same language and purpose: HR2977, the
Space Preservation Act of 2001, and the
World Treaty Banning Space Based Weapons - To ban ALL space-based weapons, and to establish a world space peacekeeping
agency to verify and enforce the ban. The U.S. is the prime nation threatening to weaponize space. HR2977 was introduced in the U.S. Congress by Congressman Dennis Kucinich on October 2nd, "To preserve the cooperative, peaceful uses of space for the
benefit of all humankind by permanently prohibiting the basing of weapons in space by the United States, and to require the
President to take action to adopt and implement a world treaty banning space-based weapons."

Under the World Treaty Banning Space-based Weapons, every nation shall immediately implement a permanent ban on space-based weapons and order the permanent termination of research and development (R&D), testing, manufacturing, production and deployment of all space-based weapons and their components. Nothing in this World Treaty prohibits non-weapons related space exploration, R&D, testing, manufacturing or deployment that is not related to
space-based weapons or systems, or civil, commercial or defense activities (including communications, navigation, surveillance, reconnaissance, early warning, or remote sensing) that are not related to space-based weapons or systems. The use of military personnel for scientific research or for
any other non-space-based weapons, peaceful purposes shall not be prohibited. The use of any equipment or facility necessary for
peaceful exploration or habitation of the moon, the planets or other celestial bodies, or on objects in space shall also not be
prohibited.

No country can base in space any object carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons, including weapons of mass
destruction, install such space-based objects or weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner. The moon, the planets, and other celestial bodies shall be used by all States Parties to this Treaty exclusively for non-weapons, peaceful purposes. The establishment of weapons-related military bases, installations and fortifications, the testing of any type of weapons and the conduct of military maneuvers on celestial bodies or space-based objects shall be forbidden. Each State Party to this Treaty agrees to the establishment, funding, equipping and deployment of a United Nations
outer space peacekeeping agency, whose mission is to monitor outer space and enforce the permanent ban of space-based weapons under this Treaty.

The World Treaty does the above worldwide. Goal: To build a network of world citizens and nation-state leaders to pass the World Treaty, and H.R. 2977 into U.S. national and world law in 2002. This is a mutually reinforcing, interactive world-national
strategy.

1 World Treaty Banning Space-based Weapons -- http://www.peaceinspace.com

2 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space,including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/SpaceLaw/outerspt.htm

3 Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/SpaceLaw/moon.htm

4 Treaty Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics On The Limitation Of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems. http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/abmt/text/abm2.htm

posted 12-10-2001 09:41 AM            

The Institute for Cooperation in Space (ICIS) is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt, non-profit foundation whose mission is to prevent the weaponization of space and to facilitate transformation to a new space paradigm:
a world cooperative military civil, commercial space development and exploration industry that will replace the war industry. ICIS is successor to the Institute
for Security and Cooperation in Outer Space (ISCOS), founded by Dr. Carol Rosin in '83.

ICIS President Dr. Carol Rosin, a former award winning educator, a leading aerospace executive and a space and missile defense consultant, was founder of ISCOS in '83, in consultative status with United Nations
ECOSOC. According to Military Space (July '84), "Rosin is regarded to be the original political architect of
the move to stop the SDI (Strategic Defense
Initiative) and ASATs (Anti-satellite weapons)." Rosin testifies against the weaponization of space and for a world cooperative military, civil and commercial space R&D, applications and exploration program, and for the transformation of the war industry into a space industry without space-based weapons. "Stating the
dangers, costs, and fallacies of the space-based weapons system has not stopped them from being researched and developed, whether it is called the SDI, NMD, BMD or Star Wars. We've heard the ever-changing list of excuses for why this is supposedly needed. Under the guise of 'national security' and 'it's only research or testing" this has
become the largest R&D program in history. Cooperation in space will stimulate the economy, create new jobs and training programs, and emplace a strong national
and global security system. We can build space battle stations and weapons pointed towards earth and into space, or we can build space habitats, hospitals, schools, farms, laboratories, industries, hotels and
resorts, elevators and craft that will free us to explore the universe."

ICIS General Counsel and Co-Director Daniel Sheehan, JD, is a graduate of Harvard Law School, a former Director of the Christic Institute, and is a Professor of World Politics at the University of California. Mr.
Sheehan has a long and distinguished history as public interest counsel, and was legal counsel in the Pentagon Papers case, the Iran-Contra, Three Mile Island, and Karen Silkwood cases, as well as many other high profile cases. "During my thirty years in
the field of public interest law and public policy, I have supervised professional investigations into the illegal smuggling of weapons-grade plutonium, the illegal supply of arms to terrorist organizations by
covert operations and government agents, and into ultra-"black" weapons programs unknown even to the most trusted congressional officials. I have come to believe that keeping weapons out of interplanetary
space is the most important contribution we can make to the future of this planet. The time to begin this task is now."

ICIS Co-Director Alfred Lambremont Webre, JD, MEd, is a graduate of Yale Law School and former futurist at Stanford Research Institute. He has been general counsel to the NYC Environmental Protection
Administration and environmental consultant to the Ford Foundation. Mr. Webre was delegate to the UNISPACE Outer Space conference, and NGO representative at the United Nations. "On the same date that Congressperson Kucinich announced his bill
to ban space-based weapons, the Foreign Minister of Canada, John Manley, announced in Hanoi that 'Canada would be very happy to launch an initiative to see an international convention preventing the weaponization
of space.' Congressman Kucinich reciprocated saying 'I am pleased with the recent news from our neighbor to the north that Canada is ready to join an international effort to prohibit weapons in space.' "

Chairman, ICIS Advisory Board - Astronaut Edgar Dean Mitchell, Sc.D. was lunar module pilot on Apollo 14, spending a record 33 hours and 31 minutes on the lunar
surface, returning to earth on February 9th, 1971. He conducted extrasensory perception experiments during the mission. He resigned from NASA and retired from the Navy in October 1972. He founded the Institute of
Noetic Sciences in Palo Alto, California, and remains its Chairman. Mitchell has been presented with numerous Special Honors, including: Presidential Medal
of Freedom (1970); Navy Distinguished Service Medal (1971); Navy Astronaut Wings, NASA Distinguished Service Medal (1971); NASA Group Achievement Award (two); NASA Manned Spacecraft Center Superior Achievement Award (1970).

Honorary ICIS Advisory Board Member - Sir Arthur C. Clarke - Arthur Clarke's invention of satellite communication using satellites in geostationary orbit in '45 has brought him numerous honors, such as the 1982 Marconi International Fellowship; a gold medal of the Franklin Institute; the Vikram Sarabhai Professorship of the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad; the Lindbergh Award and a Fellowship of
King's College, London. He is the author of more than sixty books with more than 50 million copies in print, winner of all the field's highest honors. He is past
Chairman of the British Interplanetary Society, a member of the International Academy of Astronautics, the Royal Astronomical Society and many other scientific organizations. Sir Arthur was presented the "Award of Knight Bachelor" on 26 May, 2000, at a ceremony in Colombo, Sri Lanka where he has lived since 1956.

posted 12-10-2001 10:04 AM            

The States Parties to this Treaty

Reaffirming the importance and urgency of preventing an arms race in outer space and of approving concrete proposals on confidence building which could prevent
such an arms race, as set out in United Nations General Assembly Resolution 55/32 on the prevention of an arms race in outer space,

Recognizing the common interest of all humankind in the exploration and non-weapons use of outer space for peaceful purposes,

Reaffirming the will of all States that the
exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon, the planets and other celestial bodies, shall be for weapons-free, peaceful purposes and shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interest of all
countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development,

Reaffirming the provisions of articles III and IV of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, Resolution 2222(XXI), annex,

Recalling the obligations of all States to observe the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations regarding the use or threat of use of force in their international relations, including in their space activities,

Reaffirming paragraph 80 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, Resolution S-10/2, in which it was stated that in order to prevent an arms race in space further measures should be taken and appropriate international
negotiations held in accordance with the spirit of the Treaty,

Reiterating that the Conference on Disarmament, as the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum, has the primary role in the negotiation of a multilateral agreement or agreements, as appropriate, on the prevention of an arms race in outer space in all its aspects, as set out in United Nations General Assembly
Resolution 55/32 on the prevention of an arms race in outer space,

Affirming that it is the policy of the State Parties to this Treaty to permanently ban all space-based weapons,

Have agreed as follows:

Article I

PERMANENT BAN ON BASING OF WEAPONS IN SPACE

Each State Party to this Treaty shall:

immediately implement a permanent ban on space-based weapons and remove from space any existing space-based
weapons of such State Party; and

immediately order the permanent termination of research and development, testing, manufacturing, production, and deployment of all space-based weapons of such State Party and their components.

2. Each State Party to this Treaty shall immediately work toward supporting other non-signatory State Parties in negotiating, signing, ratifying, and implementing this world agreement banning space-based weapons.

3.The Secretary General of the United Nations shall submit to the General Assembly of the United Nations within 90 days of the date that three (3) State Parties have signed this Treaty, and every 90 days
thereafter, a report on:

the implementation of the permanent ban on space-based weapons required by Section 1 of this Article I; and

progress toward negotiating, signing, ratifying, and implementing this Treaty as set out in Section 2 of this Article I.

Nothing in this Treaty shall be construed to prohibit:

Non-weapons related Space exploration;

Research, development, testing, manufacturing or deployment that is
not related to space-based weapons or systems; or

Civil, commercial, or defense activities (including communications, navigation, surveillance, reconnaissance, early warning, or remote sensing) that are not related to space-based weapons or systems.

Article II

Each State Party to this Treaty undertakes not to base in space any object carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons, including weapons of mass destruction, install such space-based objects or weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner. The moon, the planets, and
other celestial bodies shall be used by all States Parties to this Treaty exclusively for non-weapons, peaceful purposes. The establishment of weapons-related military bases, installations and fortifications, the testing of any type of weapons and the conduct of military manoeuvres on celestial bodies or space-based objects shall be forbidden.

2.The use of military personnel for scientific research or for any other non-space-based weapons, peaceful purposes shall not be prohibited. The use of any equipment or facility necessary for peaceful exploration or habitation of the moon, the planets or other celestial bodies, or on objects in space shall also not be prohibited.

Article III

Each State Party to this Treaty undertakes not to assist, encourage or induce any State, group of States, international organization, or other secret or unacknowledged entity, program or project to engage in activities contrary to the provisions of this Treaty.

Article IV

Each State Party to this Treaty agrees to the
establishment, funding, equipping and deployment of a United Nations outer space peacekeeping agency, whose mission is to monitor outer space and enforce the
permanent ban of space-based weapons under this Treaty.

Article V

As used in Article I, the terms:

1. "Space" or "Outer Space" includes all space extending upward from an altitude greater that 60 kilometers above the surface of the earth, and includes any celestial body in Space.

"Weapon" means any device capable of damaging or destroying an object or person by kinetic projectile, nuclear, conventional or other detonation, chemical or biological agents, directed energy sources, electronic, electromagnetic, sonic, laser, psychotronic, gravity or zero point energy, or as yet
unacknowledged or undeveloped means, including exotic weapons systems.

3. "Exotic weapons" systems include: electronic, psychotronic, or information weapons; chemtrails; high altitude extra low frequency weapons systems; plasma, electromagnetic, sonic, or ultrasonic weapons; laser weapons systems; tactical, theatre, strategic or extraterrestrial weapons systems; chemical, biological, environmental, climate or tectonic
weapons; weapons systems which inflict damage by misusing natural and space ecosystems, including the upper atmosphere and ionosphere, climate, weather, and
tectonic systems.

4. "Space-based weapon" and "weapon system" means any tactical, theatre or strategic weapon, weapon system or component that is based in space, on the moon, on the planets or on any celestial body, or on any object
in space.

5. "Object" means any manufactured object, whether land, sea, air, or spaced-based.

6. "Person" means any person, whether land, sea, air, or spaced-based.

7. "Development" means that phase in the evolution of a weapon system or component of a weapon system that is beyond basic research, including the acquisition of
materials and services, or the building of any subcomponents of the system necessary to conduct research and development, testing, experiments, or deployment outside a laboratory, even if such activities are not
capable of damaging or destroying the class of targets against which the weapon system is designed to be used.

8. "Unacknowledged" means an organization, entity, program, or weapon system that is covertly planned, funded, developed, administered or implemented for the
beneficial interest of any State or other organized entity using fraud, secrecy, false cover, subterfuge, compartmentalization, and any other means of deception.

Article VI

Each State Party to this Treaty undertakes to take any measures it considers necessary in accordance with its constitutional processes to prohibit and prevent any
activity in violation of the provisions of the Treaty anywhere under its jurisdiction or control.

Article VII

The provisions of articles I and II of this Treaty shall apply to all States, regardless of whether such States are signatories to
this Treaty.

Any State Party to this Treaty may propose amendments to the Treaty. The text of any proposed amendment shall be submitted to the Depositary who shall promptly circulate it to all States Parties.

An amendment shall enter into force for all States Parties to this Treaty, upon the deposit with the Depositary of instruments of acceptance by a majority of States
Parties. Thereafter it shall enter into force for any remaining State Party on the date of deposit of its instrument of acceptance.

Article VIII

This Treaty shall be of unlimited duration.

Article IX

Two years after the entry into force of this Treaty, a conference of the States Parties to the Treaty shall be convened by the Depositary at Geneva, Switzerland. The conference shall review the operation of the Treaty with a view to ensuring that its purposes and provisions are being realized, and shall in particular examine the
effectiveness of the provisions of articles I and II in eliminating the dangers of an arms race in space, and of space-based weapons.

2. At intervals of not less than two years thereafter, a majority of the States Parties to the Treaty may obtain, by submitting a proposal to this effect to the Depositary, the convening of a conference with the
same objectives.

3. If no conference has been convened pursuant to paragraph 2 of this article within ten years following the conclusion of a previous conference, the Depositary shall solicit the views of all States Parties to the Treaty, concerning the convening of
such a conference. If one-third or ten of the States Parties, whichever number is less, respond affirmatively, the Depositary shall take immediate steps to convene the conference.

Article X

1. This Treaty shall be open to all States for signature. Any State which does not sign the Treaty before its entry into force in accordance with paragraph 3 of this article may accede to it at any time.

2. This Treaty shall be subject to ratification by signatory States. Instruments of ratification or accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

3. This Treaty shall enter into force upon the deposit of instruments of ratification by twenty Governments in accordance with paragraph 2 of this article.

4.For those States whose instruments of ratification or accession are deposited after the entry into force of this Treaty, it shall enter into force on the date
of the deposit of their instruments of ratification or accession.

5. The Depositary shall promptly inform all signatory and acceding States of the date of each signature, the date of deposit of each instrument of ratification or accession and the date of the entry into force of this
Treaty and of any amendments thereto, as well as of the receipt of other notices.

6. This Treaty shall be registered by the Depositary in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.

Article XI

This Treaty, of which the English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian, and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall send certified copies thereof to the Governments of the signatory and acceding States.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto by their respective governments, have signed this Treaty, opened for signature at Geneva on the ____day of ________________________
(month), ___________(year).

Signature / Country:
_____________________________________________